Review Sheet [UPDATED]

King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)
- First two wars known in present-day America.
- Guerrilla warfare between the French (allied with the Native Americans -and later on the Spanish) against Great Britain.
- England won and peace terms were signed at Utrecht in 1713
- Allowed limited trading rights in Spanish America and rewarded with Acadia (present day Scotland), Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland.

War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739)
- Cause: increase tension between English and Spaniard
- English Captain Jenkins had his ear sliced by Spaniards that caused anger and furious resentment
- This war merged with Europe’s King George’s War that ended in 1748 with a peace treaty.
- French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) (1754-1763)
- Occurred because of clash between powerful world powers
- Unlike other war this war began in America and traveled to Europe
-Sides: England vs. Prussia, France, Spain, Austria and Russia. France lost brutally and most territory gone except a few sugar islands in the Caribbean
-Finally settled in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris.

American Revolution (1775-1783)
-Triggered by unfair treatment to the colonies like the Navigation laws, Sugar, Quartering, Stamp, Declaratory, and Townshend Act. British troops sent to Boston, Massachusetts to control colonists then mishaps like the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party occurred
- To punish colonists Great Britain declared the Intolerable and Quebec Act
-Colonists fed up thus the first Battle of the American Revolutionary War began in Concord and Lexington
- Great Britain won for the majority of the war but the Battle of Saratoga proved to be a turning point
- This colonial victory revived colonial cause and made foreign help from France possible
-With French assistance the war gradually turned into American victory
- Britain fighting other wars and weary of fighting thus agreed to peace terms
-Colonists gained their freedom
-Peace negotiators: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay

War of 1812
-Tecumseh and its Indians vs. ; U.S. for lands
-Destruction of Indians by Harrison and Jackson
-Financing the Indians: England
-U.S.: weak army; repulsed by Canadians; cities are burned; victory at new Orleans; progress of manufactures


Mexican War (1846-1848)
- Causes: Polk wanted to purchase California, Britain wants to control it, annexation of Texas; need to buy California, Nueces river incident by Taylor in 1846, extension of boundary into Mexico, Manifest Destiny.
- Effects: bribed Santa Ana; loss of California, new Mexico; about 20 million $ to Mexico; manifest destiny; experiences for war; caused the civil war; brought slavery issues
- Consequences: the capture of Santa Fe, Mexico city; American victory
- Strategies: Nicholas treaty with Mexico: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848

Civil War (1861-1865)
- Causes: disagreements on slavery, economy, tariffs and national banks, and presidential elections
- Initiative: Battle at Fort Sumter (April 12), which led to succession of four states (Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia)
- In order to preserve the Union the North created the Anaconda plan which destroyed through constant pressure and slowly-wearing down the South’s ability to wage war
- Many battles take place like the Battle of Bull Run, Potomac, and the Bloody Antietam Battle.
-Because of Northern success in the Battle of Antietam Lincoln was able to issue his Emancipation Proclamation which free blacks and he had no control over and rallied moral support from the Union
-Blacks were also used in Northern troops as soldiers
-In April 1865 the Union burned down the Confederate capital of Richmond down and forced Southern surrender
-Reconstruction: Confederate states formally returned on December 6, 1865.
- Made Confederates pay debts, ratify the thirteenth and fourteenth amendment, and separated the South into five military districts.