AP US HISTORY - WAR AND DIPLOMACY

Review Sheet [UPDATED]

2008-01-17T13:51:00.000-08:00

King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)
- First two wars known in present-day America.
- Guerrilla warfare between the French (allied with the Native Americans -and later on the Spanish) against Great Britain.
- England won and peace terms were signed at Utrecht in 1713
- Allowed limited trading rights in Spanish America and rewarded with Acadia (present day Scotland), Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland.

War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739)
- Cause: increase tension between English and Spaniard
- English Captain Jenkins had his ear sliced by Spaniards that caused anger and furious resentment
- This war merged with Europe’s King George’s War that ended in 1748 with a peace treaty.
- French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) (1754-1763)
- Occurred because of clash between powerful world powers
- Unlike other war this war began in America and traveled to Europe
-Sides: England vs. Prussia, France, Spain, Austria and Russia. France lost brutally and most territory gone except a few sugar islands in the Caribbean
-Finally settled in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris.

American Revolution (1775-1783)
-Triggered by unfair treatment to the colonies like the Navigation laws, Sugar, Quartering, Stamp, Declaratory, and Townshend Act. British troops sent to Boston, Massachusetts to control colonists then mishaps like the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party occurred
- To punish colonists Great Britain declared the Intolerable and Quebec Act
-Colonists fed up thus the first Battle of the American Revolutionary War began in Concord and Lexington
- Great Britain won for the majority of the war but the Battle of Saratoga proved to be a turning point
- This colonial victory revived colonial cause and made foreign help from France possible
-With French assistance the war gradually turned into American victory
- Britain fighting other wars and weary of fighting thus agreed to peace terms
-Colonists gained their freedom
-Peace negotiators: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay

War of 1812
-Tecumseh and its Indians vs. ; U.S. for lands
-Destruction of Indians by Harrison and Jackson
-Financing the Indians: England
-U.S.: weak army; repulsed by Canadians; cities are burned; victory at new Orleans; progress of manufactures

Mexican War (1846-1848)
- Causes: Polk wanted to purchase California, Britain wants to control it, annexation of Texas; need to buy California, Nueces river incident by Taylor in 1846, extension of boundary into Mexico, Manifest Destiny.
- Effects: bribed Santa Ana; loss of California, new Mexico; about 20 million $ to Mexico; manifest destiny; experiences for war; caused the civil war; brought slavery issues
- Consequences: the capture of Santa Fe, Mexico city; American victory
- Strategies: Nicholas treaty with Mexico: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848

Civil War (1861-1865)
- Causes: disagreements on slavery, economy, tariffs and national banks, and presidential elections
- Initiative: Battle at Fort Sumter (April 12), which led to succession of four states (Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia)
- In order to preserve the Union the North created the Anaconda plan which destroyed through constant pressure and slowly-wearing down the South’s ability to wage war
- Many battles take place like the Battle of Bull Run, Potomac, and the Bloody Antietam Battle.
-Because of Northern success in the Battle of Antietam Lincoln was able to issue his Emancipation Proclamation which free blacks and he had no control over and rallied moral support from the Union
-Blacks were also used in Northern troops as soldiers
-In April 1865 the Union burned down the Confederate capital of Richmond down and forced Southern surrender
-Reconstruction: Confederate states formally returned on December 6, 1865.
- Made Confederates pay debts, ratify the thirteenth and fourteenth amendment, and separated the South into five military districts.

War & Diplomacy Powerpoint

2008-01-05T23:35:00.000-08:00

Click the link to download!

http://rapidshare.com/files/84609767/WAR_DIPLO.ppt.html

Timeline of Wars - 1675 to 1898

2007-12-29T18:58:00.000-08:00

(Use this as a guide...)

Analysis Of Chapters 1 to 23

2007-12-26T15:43:00.000-08:00

Foreign affairs: Spanish Armada destruction -
1. effects: caused England to be able to navigate freely the sees and thus formed the original thirteen colonies in 1600s in America; English started to migrate to America starting with Jamestown;
2. consequences: England rule the ocean and establish its supreme laws and became known as the mother of the sea; control of trades
3. causes: wanted to establish Protestantism to England

Early wars with Indians -
1. Anglo-Powhatan wars, Pequot war of 1637 and king Phillip war of 1675: to establish control of lands
2. effects: Indians defeated, and could not coexist with Virginians and Massachusetts’ residents, respectively; destruction of towns/villages
3. consequences: control by English; treaty of 1646; 1707 Carolinians peace treaty with Indians ended; dominion of puritans in NE; ended last hope for Indians; Indians moved to west.

English civil war -
1. Glorious revolution 1688-89: deposed James I
2. consequences: colonies fought against royal authority
3. American revolution

Foreign affairs: Treaty of Tordesillas -
1. causes: war between Portugal and Spain for control of the sea
2. effects: Spanish discovered Mexico and fought and killed the Mayans and Aztecs
3. Spanish dominion of culture and government in the new world
4. Queen Anne’s war

Colonial affairs -
Diplomacies for colonies: New England dominion in 1686: NE, NY, NJ for colonial defense and navigation laws

American Revolution -
a) Causes: molasses act of 1733: no trade with French isles; Louisbourg’s return to France; intercolonial conflicts; proclamation of 1763: could not go west; the mercantilism theory that works in favor of England; navigation laws; limited production; taxes; favors by mercantilism; intervention of the army; the punishment of Boston
b) Consequences: the destruction of cities; early victories in Canada; Thomas Paine and the people; victories on dec ’76; the mistakes committed by British commanders; turning point: Saratoga
c) Effects: declaration of independence; division; the blow of the British at Yorktown; the fall of the Tories; lands given up to Miss. To U.S. persecution of the loyalists; a new independent government emerged
d) Strategies and strengths: foreign help (France intervention and aid…for revenge) for U.S.; boycott of goods; informing other colonies on current actions; more British, lack of communication for British; alliance of Indians (Joseph Brant) with British; ineffective command; great leaders: Washington; moral advantage;
e) The Peace treaty (1783): Benjamin, Adams, and Jay’s methods

War of 1812 -
• Tecumseh and its Indians vs. ; U.S. for lands
• Destruction of Indians by Harrison and Jackson
• Financing the Indians: England
• U.S.: weak army; repulsed by Canadians; cities are burned; victory at new Orleans; progress of manufactures

Mexican War -
1. causes: help of Americans to Texas; Britain wants to control it; annexation of Texas; need to buy California; Nueces river incident by Taylor in 1846
2. effects: bribed Santa Ana; loss of California, new Mexico; about 20 million $ to Mexico; manifest destiny; experiences for war; caused the civil war; brought slavery issues
3. consequences: the capture of Santa Fe, Mexico city; American victory
4. strategies: Nicholas treaty with Mexico: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848
Civil War
a) causes: support of runaway slaves by the north; compromise of 1850: brought up the issue about Kansas-N; north not enforcing fugitive laws; north intervention in Kansas; the split of the Whig party due to slavery; K-N act: undermined the C of 1850: no communication; support of Uncle tom cabin; civil war in Kansas about slavery and the Lecompton constitution rejection; Dred Scott decision: slavery could exist everywhere; the effect of Brown conviction; the split of the Democrats in the 1860 election; secession of the SC; the attack on fort Sumter: north got involved
b) consequences: other states seceded; the confederates emerged: the split of the union; early victories for south at Bull Run; north control on sea: blockade; major battles: Antietam, Gettysburg: turning point; south defeat at Richmond,
c) effects: border states necessary for victory; women as nurses; blacks in the army; Lincoln’s assassination; south being controlled by north; the need to reconstruct the south and the protection of the Blacks; harsh rules devised to punish the South
d) strategies/ advantages/disad: to save union; leaders, moral, home field; one-crop economy failed plan for revenues, minor aids from Britain for south; economy, navy, population, factories, transportation, government: Lincoln’s authority and rules, emancipation, the plan to occupy the south: anaconda; the copperheads vs. Lincoln for north

DIPLOMACIES -
• The Franco-American Alliance: when the French intervened in the war
• Jay’s treaty 1790s: evacuation of British on U.S. soils
• Pinckney’s treaty with Spanish: us could get what they demanded the Spanish
• France and Britain first two countries involved with us; the Louisiana purchase
• The treaty of Ghent: 1814 in us favor; no gain by both sides; rush-bagot agreement: 1817 with Britain about navigating
• Monroe doctrine; no foreign invention on America; Ashburton treaty of 1842 concerning the Maine Boundary
• The line 49 treaty regarding Oregon boundary with Britain
• The treaty of 1853 with Japan by Perry for commerce
• The Ostend manifesto in 1850s regarding the sale of Cuba; Gadsden purchase: sale of a Mexican piece of land for railroad construction
• The treaty with Russia in 1867 for Alaska
2. Queen Ann war 1702-1713
1. causes: control of the north American colonies
2. alliances: Spain and Indians sided with France;
3. effects and consequences: peace of Utrecht in 1713; lost of nova Scotia, can trade in Spanish America;
4. capture of Louisbourg in 1740s; causes: gave lands back to French; effects: colonists got mad
1. French and Indian War 1756-1763:
• Causes: control of the Ohio valley, fur trading competition, economic security, need of lands by Virginians
• Consequences: first battles lost by British commanded by Bradock; created a sense of destiny for the Americans: lands
• Plans to attack Quebec and Montréal; help of Pitt, fall of Quebec in ’59; French are out of America x Canada; Louisiana now belonged to Spain; experiences gain by Americans
• Effects: uprooting French in Scotia; Americans unified to fight; the Albany plan: to try to make Indians become alliance, defense vs. France

Chapters 1 to 23

2007-12-21T13:37:00.000-08:00

1st Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614:
Started by Lord De La Warr when he reached Jamestown with supplies and armed.

2nd Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644:
Unsuccessful last attempt by the Indians to dislodge the Virginians.

Tuscarora War in North Carolina (1711-1713):
The North Carolinians crushed the Tuscaroras in battle and sold hundreds of them into slavery and left the surviving to wonder northward to seek the protection of the Iroquois.

Yamasee War in South Carolina (1715-1716):
The South Carolinians defeated and dispersed the Yamasee Indians which signified that at the time almost all the coastal Indian tribes in the southern colonies had been devastated.

Pequot War (1636-1638):
An armed conflict between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies against the Pequot tribe.

English Civil War (1642-1648):
The English Civil War consisted of a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists.

King Philip’s War (1675-1676):
An armed conflict between Indians, English colonists, and their Indian allies.

Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713):
The second in a series of four colonial wars fought between France and Great Britain in North America for control of the continent and was the counterpart of the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe.

War of Jenkin’s Ear (1739-1748):
A conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748.

Boston Massacre:
The Boston Massacre was an incident involving the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British colonies in America which culminated in the American Revolution.

Boston Tea Party:
The Boston Tea Party was an act of direct action by the American colonists against Great Britain in which they destroyed many crates of tea bricks on ships in Boston Harbor. This incident, took place on Thursday, December 16, 1773, and has been seen as a contributor to the disruption of the American Revolution.

Battle of Bunker Hill:
The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775 on Breed's Hill, as part of the Siege of Boston during the American Revolutionary War.

Battle of Saratoga:
Took place between September and October of 1777 and was a decisive American victory resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of 9,000 men invading New York from Canada during the American Revolutionary War.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix:
An important treaty between North American Indians and the British Empire. It was signed at in 1768 at Fort Stanwix. It was negotiated between Sir William Johnson and representatives of the Six Nations. The Fort Stanwix treaty of 1768 helped set the stage for the next round of hostilities along the Ohio River, which would culminate in Dunmore's War. The treaty also settled land claims between the Six Nations and the Penn family, the proprietors of Pennsylvania.

French Revolution (1789–1799):
A period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe, during which the French governmental structure underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights.

Whiskey Rebellion (1791-1794):
The rebellion occurred shortly after the Articles of Confederation had been replaced by a stronger federal government under the United States Constitution in 1789.

XYZ Affair:
A 1797 diplomatic timeframe that only worsened relations between France and the United States and led to the undeclared Quasi-War of 1798.

Treaty of Ghent:
Signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It restored relations between the two countries.

Treaty of 1818 with Britain:
A treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. It resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations, and allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country and including the southern portion of its sister fur district New Caledonia.

Black Hawk War (1832):
Fought in 1832 in the Midwestern United States and named after Black Hawk, a war chief of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo Native Americans. The British Band fought against the United States Army and militia from Illinois and the Michigan Territory for possession of lands in the area.

Battle of the Alamo (1836):
The Battle of the Alamo took place at the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, Texas.
The battle was between the Republic of Mexico and the rebel Texian forces, during the Texas Revolution.

Battle of San Jacinto (1836):
The decisive battle of the Texas Revolution which was led by General Sam Houston. The Texas Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican forces in a fight that lasted just eighteen minutes. Hundreds of Mexican soldiers were killed or captured, while there were relatively few Texan casualties.
Santa Anna, the President of Mexico, was captured the following day and held as a prisoner of war.

Aroostook War over Maine boundary (1838-1839):
An undeclared confrontation between Americans and the United Kingdom regarding the international boundary between British North America and the United States. The dispute resulted in a mutually accepted boundary between the present-day state of Maine and provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec.

Webster-Ashburton treaty:
Signed on August 9, 1842, it settled the dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border between the United States and Canada. The treaty was signed by United States Secretary of State Daniel Webster and United Kingdom Privy Counsellor Alexander Baring, Lord Ashburton.

Mexican War (1846-1848):
An armed military conflict between the United States and Mexico. Mexico did not recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836. In the United States, the war was a partisan issue with most Whigs opposing it and most southern Democrats, supported by a popular belief in the Manifest Destiny.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:
The peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). Mexico ceded 1.36 million km² to the United States in exchange for US$15 million and the ensured safety of pre-existing property rights of Mexican citizens in the transferred territories, the latter of which the United States in a significant number of cases failed to honor. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million ($68 million in 2006 dollars) in debts Mexico owed to American citizens.

Gadsen Purchase from Mexico:
A region of what is today southern Arizona and New Mexico that was purchased by the United States from Mexico in 1853 for $10 million. The purchase included lands south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande.

Ostend Manifesto:
A secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain.

1st Battle of Bull Run (1861):
The first major land battle of the American Civil War, fought near Manassas, Virginia.

2nd Battle of Bull Run (1862):
It was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run.

Battle of Antietam (1862):
Fought near Maryland and Antietam Creek, it was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties.

Battle of Gettysburg (1863):
Fought in, and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point.

FIRST POST!

2007-12-20T19:22:00.000-08:00

Massiel, Edner and Kimsley,

SORRY I'M EXTREMELY EXCITED THEREFOR I FEEL THE NEED TO TYPE IN CAPS LOCK...
just kidding.

Anyway, welcome, pleased to know that someone is actually reading this. Yes, yes.

This blog will be used to collect information about war and diplomacy in the late 18th century continuing all the way 'til the American Pageant ends.

I don't have much to say right now...so I'll save it for later.

So good luck and enjoy your vacation!
- Amber Bennoui