Analysis Of Chapters 1 to 23

Foreign affairs: Spanish Armada destruction -
1. effects: caused England to be able to navigate freely the sees and thus formed the original thirteen colonies in 1600s in America; English started to migrate to America starting with Jamestown;
2. consequences: England rule the ocean and establish its supreme laws and became known as the mother of the sea; control of trades
3. causes: wanted to establish Protestantism to England

Early wars with Indians -
1. Anglo-Powhatan wars, Pequot war of 1637 and king Phillip war of 1675: to establish control of lands
2. effects: Indians defeated, and could not coexist with Virginians and Massachusetts’ residents, respectively; destruction of towns/villages
3. consequences: control by English; treaty of 1646; 1707 Carolinians peace treaty with Indians ended; dominion of puritans in NE; ended last hope for Indians; Indians moved to west.

English civil war -
1. Glorious revolution 1688-89: deposed James I
2. consequences: colonies fought against royal authority
3. American revolution

Foreign affairs: Treaty of Tordesillas -
1. causes: war between Portugal and Spain for control of the sea
2. effects: Spanish discovered Mexico and fought and killed the Mayans and Aztecs
3. Spanish dominion of culture and government in the new world
4. Queen Anne’s war

Colonial affairs -
Diplomacies for colonies: New England dominion in 1686: NE, NY, NJ for colonial defense and navigation laws

American Revolution -
a) Causes: molasses act of 1733: no trade with French isles; Louisbourg’s return to France; intercolonial conflicts; proclamation of 1763: could not go west; the mercantilism theory that works in favor of England; navigation laws; limited production; taxes; favors by mercantilism; intervention of the army; the punishment of Boston
b) Consequences: the destruction of cities; early victories in Canada; Thomas Paine and the people; victories on dec ’76; the mistakes committed by British commanders; turning point: Saratoga
c) Effects: declaration of independence; division; the blow of the British at Yorktown; the fall of the Tories; lands given up to Miss. To U.S. persecution of the loyalists; a new independent government emerged
d) Strategies and strengths: foreign help (France intervention and aid…for revenge) for U.S.; boycott of goods; informing other colonies on current actions; more British, lack of communication for British; alliance of Indians (Joseph Brant) with British; ineffective command; great leaders: Washington; moral advantage;
e) The Peace treaty (1783): Benjamin, Adams, and Jay’s methods

War of 1812 -
• Tecumseh and its Indians vs. ; U.S. for lands
• Destruction of Indians by Harrison and Jackson
• Financing the Indians: England
• U.S.: weak army; repulsed by Canadians; cities are burned; victory at new Orleans; progress of manufactures

Mexican War -
1. causes: help of Americans to Texas; Britain wants to control it; annexation of Texas; need to buy California; Nueces river incident by Taylor in 1846
2. effects: bribed Santa Ana; loss of California, new Mexico; about 20 million $ to Mexico; manifest destiny; experiences for war; caused the civil war; brought slavery issues
3. consequences: the capture of Santa Fe, Mexico city; American victory
4. strategies: Nicholas treaty with Mexico: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848
Civil War
a) causes: support of runaway slaves by the north; compromise of 1850: brought up the issue about Kansas-N; north not enforcing fugitive laws; north intervention in Kansas; the split of the Whig party due to slavery; K-N act: undermined the C of 1850: no communication; support of Uncle tom cabin; civil war in Kansas about slavery and the Lecompton constitution rejection; Dred Scott decision: slavery could exist everywhere; the effect of Brown conviction; the split of the Democrats in the 1860 election; secession of the SC; the attack on fort Sumter: north got involved
b) consequences: other states seceded; the confederates emerged: the split of the union; early victories for south at Bull Run; north control on sea: blockade; major battles: Antietam, Gettysburg: turning point; south defeat at Richmond,
c) effects: border states necessary for victory; women as nurses; blacks in the army; Lincoln’s assassination; south being controlled by north; the need to reconstruct the south and the protection of the Blacks; harsh rules devised to punish the South
d) strategies/ advantages/disad: to save union; leaders, moral, home field; one-crop economy failed plan for revenues, minor aids from Britain for south; economy, navy, population, factories, transportation, government: Lincoln’s authority and rules, emancipation, the plan to occupy the south: anaconda; the copperheads vs. Lincoln for north


DIPLOMACIES -
• The Franco-American Alliance: when the French intervened in the war
• Jay’s treaty 1790s: evacuation of British on U.S. soils
• Pinckney’s treaty with Spanish: us could get what they demanded the Spanish
• France and Britain first two countries involved with us; the Louisiana purchase
• The treaty of Ghent: 1814 in us favor; no gain by both sides; rush-bagot agreement: 1817 with Britain about navigating
• Monroe doctrine; no foreign invention on America; Ashburton treaty of 1842 concerning the Maine Boundary
• The line 49 treaty regarding Oregon boundary with Britain
• The treaty of 1853 with Japan by Perry for commerce
• The Ostend manifesto in 1850s regarding the sale of Cuba; Gadsden purchase: sale of a Mexican piece of land for railroad construction
• The treaty with Russia in 1867 for Alaska
2. Queen Ann war 1702-1713
1. causes: control of the north American colonies
2. alliances: Spain and Indians sided with France;
3. effects and consequences: peace of Utrecht in 1713; lost of nova Scotia, can trade in Spanish America;
4. capture of Louisbourg in 1740s; causes: gave lands back to French; effects: colonists got mad
1. French and Indian War 1756-1763:
• Causes: control of the Ohio valley, fur trading competition, economic security, need of lands by Virginians
• Consequences: first battles lost by British commanded by Bradock; created a sense of destiny for the Americans: lands
• Plans to attack Quebec and Montréal; help of Pitt, fall of Quebec in ’59; French are out of America x Canada; Louisiana now belonged to Spain; experiences gain by Americans
• Effects: uprooting French in Scotia; Americans unified to fight; the Albany plan: to try to make Indians become alliance, defense vs. France